Hittite dapi(a)-, dapit/d-, dapiant- ‘all, every, each; entire’: a logographic interpretation

Alwin Kloekhorst*

Cite as Kloekhorst, A. 2022: Hittite dapi(a)-, dapit/d-, dapiant– ‘all, every, each; entire’: a logographic interpretation. Hungarian Assyriological Review 3: 203–220.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52093/hara-202202-00031-000

Abstract

This article discusses the problematic aspects of the synchronic and diachronic interpretation of Hittite dapi(a)-, dapit/d-, dapiant– ‘all, every, each; entire’. It will be argued that earlier treatments of these words, including ones that propose Luwian origins for them, cannot explain these problems. Instead, a new, Hittite-internal analysis of these words is presented which states that they in fact contain a logogram, DA.BI, and actually are logographic renderings (DA.BI(-a)-, DA.BI-t/d-, DA.BI-ant-) of Hitt. ḫūmant– ‘all, every, each; entire’.

Keywords: Hittite, cuneiform, orthography, logographic writing

Bibliography

Attinger, P. 2021: Glossaire sumérien-français: principalement des textes littéraires paléobabyloniens. Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.13173/9783447116169

Berman, H. 1972: The Stem Formation of Hittite Nouns and Adjectives. Unpublished PhD dissertation (University of Chicago). Chicago.

CAD = Gelb, I. J. et al. (eds.) 1956–2010: The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago.

Carruba, O. 1976: Anatolico e indoeuropeo. In: N. N. (ed.): Scritti in onore di Giuliano Bonfante I. Brescia, 121–146.

Civil, M. 1979: Ea A = nâqu, Aa A = nâqu, with their forerunners and related texts. (Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon 14) Roma.

Cohen, M. E. 2023: An Annotated Sumerian Dictionary. Pennsylvania.

Derksen, R. 2008: Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4) Leiden – Boston.

Eichner, H. 1973: Die Etymologie von heth. mehur. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 31, 53–107.

Güterbock, H. G. 1938: Die historische Tradition und ihre literarische Gestaltung bei Babyloniern und Hethitern bis 1200. Zweiter Teil: Hethiter. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete 44, 45–145. https://doi.org/10.1515/zava.1938.44.1-2.45

Güterbock, H. G. 1951: The Song of Ullikummi. Revised text of the Hittite version of a Hurrian myth. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5, 135–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359008

Haas, V. – Wegner, I. 1988: Die Rituale der Beschwörerinnen ^SALŠU.GI I. Die Texte. (Corpus der hurritischen Sprachdenkmäler I. Die Texte aus Boğazköy 5) Roma.

HEB² = Friedrich, J. 1960: Hethitisches Elementarbuch 1. Kurzgefaßte Grammatik. (Indogermanische Bibliothek 1. Sammlung indogermanischer Lehr- und Handbücher 1. Grammatiken 23) Heidelberg.

HED = Puhvel, J. 1984–: Hittite Etymological Dictionary. (Trends in Linguistics) Berlin – New York.

HEG = Tischler, J. 1977–2016: Hethitisches Etymologisches Glossar I–IV. (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 20) Innsbruck.

Hoffner, H. A. – Melchert, H. C. 2008: A Grammar of the Hittite Language I–II. (Languages of the Ancient Near East 1) Winona Lake. https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv240djsf

HW = Friedrich, J. 1952–1966: Hethitisches Wörterbuch. Kurzgefaßte kritische Sammlung der Deutungen hethitischer Wörter. (Indogermanische Bibliothek 2. Wörterbücher) Heidelberg.

HW² = Friedrich, J. et al. 1975–: Hethitisches Wörterbuch. Zweite, völlig neubearbeitete Auflage auf der Grundlage der edierten hethitischen Texte. (Indogermanische Bibliothek 2. Wörterbücher) Heidelberg.

HZL = Rüster, C. – Neu, E. 1989: Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon. Inventar und Interpretation der Keilschriftzeichen aus den Boğazköy-Texten. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten. Beiheft 2) Wiesbaden.

Josephson, F. 2004: Semantics and typology of Hittite -ant. In: Clackson, J. – Olsen, B. A. (eds.): Indo-European Word Formation. Proceedings of the Conference held at the University of Copenhagen October 20th – 22nd 2000. (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 2) Copenhagen, 91–118.

Kimball, S. E. 2016: Hittite dapi- ‘all, whole, each’. In: Gunkel, D. et al. (eds.): Sahasram Ati Srajas. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Stephanie W. Jamison. Ann Arbor – New York, 159–169.

Kloekhorst, A. 2008: Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5) Leiden – Boston.

Kloekhorst, A. 2010a: Review of Hoffner – Melchert 2008. Kratylos 55, 13–24. https://doi.org/10.29091/KRATYLOS/2010/1/2

Kloekhorst, A. 2010b: Initial stops in Hittite (with an excursus on the spelling of stops in Alalaḫ Akkadian). Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 100, 197–241. https://doi.org/10.1515/za.2010.011

Kloekhorst, A. 2013: The signs TA and DA in Old Hittite: evidence for a phonetic difference. Altorientalische Forschungen 40, 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1524/aof.2013.0007

Kloekhorst, A. 2014: Accent in Hittite: A Study in Plene Spelling, Consonant Gradation, Clitics, and Metrics. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 56) Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc2rm8t

Kloekhorst, A. 2019a: Kanišite Hittite: The Earliest Attested Record of Indo-European. (Handbuch der Orientalistik I/132) Leiden – Boston. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004382107

Kloekhorst, A. 2019b: The phonetics and phonology of the Hittite dental stops. In: Kim, R. I. – Mynářová, J. – Pavúk, P. (eds.): Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years. Proceedings of the International Conference Held at Charles University, Prague, 11–14 November 2015. (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 107) Leiden – Boston, 147–175. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004413122_010

Kloekhorst, A. 2020 [2022]: Evidence for a phonemic glottal stop in Hittite: a reassessment. Historische Sprachforschung 133, 111–143. https://doi.org/10.13109/hisp.2020.133.1.111

Kloekhorst, A. forthcoming: Linguistic interpretations of the spelling of Hittite dat.-loc.sg. and all.sg. In: Festschrift Theo van den Hout.

Kronasser, H. 1966: Etymologie der hethitischen Sprache 1. Heidelberg.

Labat, R. ⁵1976: Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne (signes, syllabaire, idéogrammes). Nouvelle Édition. Paris.

Melchert, H. C. 1994: Anatolian Historical Phonology. (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 3) Amsterdam – Atlanta. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004657335

Melchert, H. C. 1996: Review of H. G. Güterbock – Th. P. J. van den Hout, The Hittite Instructions for the Royal Bodyguard. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 55, 134–135. https://doi.org/10.1086/373805

Melchert, H. C. 2003: Prehistory. In: id. (ed.): The Luwians. (Handbuch der Orientalistik I/68) Leiden – Boston, 8–26. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047402145_003

Melchert, H. C. 2005: The Problem of Luvian Influence on Hittite. In: Meiser, G. – Hackstein, O. (eds.): Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel, Akten der XI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft 17.-23. September 2000, Halle an der Saale. Wiesbaden, 445–460.

Melchert, H. C. 2019: Hittite Historical Phonology after 100 Years (and after 20 years). In: Kim, R. I. – Mynářová, J. – Pavúk, P. (eds.): Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years. Proceedings of the International Conference Held at Charles University, Prague, 11–14 November 2015. (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 107) Leiden – Boston, 258–276. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004413122_014

Melchert, H. C. 2022: The Syntax of Universal Quantifiers in Luvic (and Hittite). Handout of a lecture held at the 7^th Luwic Dialects Workshop, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, February 25, 2022.

Melchert, H. C. 2023: The syntax of universal quantifiers in Luwic (and Hittite). In: García Trabazo, J. V. – Adiego, I.-X. – Vernet, M. – Obrador-Cursach, B. – Soler, S. (eds.): New approaches on Anatolian linguistics (Barcino Monographica Orientalia 22 = Series Anatolica et Indogermanica 4) Barcelona, 151–173.

Norbruis, S. 2021: Indo-European Origins of Anatolian Morphology and Semantics. Innovations and Archaisms in Hittite, Luwian and Lycian. PhD dissertation (Leiden University). Leiden.

Oettinger, N. 1976: Die Militärischen Eide der Hethiter. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 22) Wiesbaden.

Oettinger, N. 2006: Pronominaladjektive in frühen indogermanischen Sprachen. In: Bombi, R. et al. (eds.): Studi linguistici in honore di Roberto Gusmani. Alessandria, 1327–1335.

Olander, Th. 2020 [2022]: To *b or not to *b: Proto-Indo-European *b in a phylogenetic perspective. Historische Sprachforschung 133, 182–208. https://doi.org/10.13109/hisp.2020.133.1.182

Oreshko, R. 2021: Observations on the Xanthos Trilingual: syntactic structure of TL 44a, 41–55 and the Lycian terminology of art and war. Hungarian Assyriological Review 2, 95–144. https://doi.org/10.52093/hara-202101-00015-000

Rieken, E. 2004: Merkwürdige Kasusformen im Hethitischen. In: Groddek, D. – Rößle, S. (eds.): Šarnikzel. Hethitologische Studien zum Gedenken an Emil Orgetorix Forrer. (19.02.1894–10.01.1986). (Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 10) Dresden, 533–543.

Rieken, E. et al. 2009: CTH 345.I.1 – Das Lied von Ullikummi: hethitische Version – Erste Tafel. hethiter.net/: CTH 345.I.1

Sasseville, D. 2021: Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian. (Brill’s Studies in Indo-European Languages and Linguistics 21) Leiden – Boston. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004436299

Schuol, M. 1994: Die Terminologie des hethitischen SU-Orakels. Altorientalische Forschungen 21, 73–124. https://doi.org/10.1524/aofo.1994.21.1.73

Sturtevant, E. H. 1934: Adjectival i-stems in Hittite and Indo-European. Language 10, 266–273. https://doi.org/10.2307/409475

Viano, M. 2016: The Reception of Sumerian Literature in the Western Periphery. (Antichistica 9 = Studi Orientali 4) Venezia.

Weeden, M. 2011: Hittite Logograms and Hittite Scholarship. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 54) Wiesbaden.