Tatiana Frühwirt*
Show more
* – Universität Graz. Email: tatiana.fruehwirt@gmail.com
Cite as Frühwirt, T. 2021: Zum Kult des Hirschgottes in späthethitischer Zeit. Hungarian Assyriological Review 2: 219–239.
Abstract
Two names of the Stag-God are known from the Late Hittite sources: Runtiya (or Runza) and Runtiya of the Countryside. The prosopographical material also allows us to assume the existence of a local hypostasis Runtiya of Aleppo. The god Karhuha who was worshipped mostly in Karkamiš is likewise identified by some researchers as a stag deity. This paper deals with the Hieroglyphic Luwian evidence for Runtiya, Runtiya of the Countryside, Runtiya of Aleppo and Karhuha from Late Hittite Anatolia and Northern Syria and explores questions about the geographical distribution of these manifestations, their functions and their relationship to each other.
Keywords: Runtiya, Stag-God of the Countryside, Karhuha, Aleppo, Late Hittite Period
Copyright and acknowledgements
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data availability. The author confirms that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
Disclosure statement. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Funding statement. The author received no financial support for the research and the publication of this article.
Bibliography
ACLT = Yakubovich, I. (online): Annotated Corpus of Luwian Texts. http://web-corpora.net/LuwianCorpus/search/ (Zugriff: 03.04.2022).
Archi, A. 2019: How a God of Nature Became a Tutelary God of the King. In: Süel, A. (Hg.): Acts of the IXth International Congress of Hittitology. Çorum, September 08-14, 2014 I. Çorum, 49–63.
Baker, H. D. – Cancik, E. 2002: Qalparunda. In: Baker, H. D. (Hg.): The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 3/I. P-Ṣ. Helsinki, 1005.
Bauer, A. H. 2020a: Hieroglyphic Luwian /alaman-/, á-lá/í-ma– ‘name’. In: eDiAna. https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary.php?lemma=1304 (Zugriff: 03.04.2022).
Bauer, A. H. 2020b: Hieroglyphic Luwian /hantawatt(i)-/, REX-ti– ‘king’. In: eDiAna. https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary.php?lemma=1083 (Zugriff: 03.04.2022).
Bauer, A. H. 2021: Hieroglyphic Luwian /wass-/, (BONUS)wa/i-sa– ‘to be dear, be respectful’. In: eDiAna. https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary.php?lemma=1810 (Zugriff: 03.04.2022).
Bauer, A. H. – Payne, A. 2021a: Hieroglyphic Luwian /immara(/i)-/, i-mára/i– ‘open country’. In: eDiAna. https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary.php?lemma=2062 (Zugriff: 03.04.2022).
Bauer, A. H. – Payne, A. 2021b: Hieroglyphic Luwian “UNUS?”-ta ‘alone (?)’. In: eDiAna. https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary.php?lemma=2055 (Zugriff: 03.04.2022).
Bauer, A. H. – Payne, A. 2022: Hieroglyphic Luwian /alant-/ ‘place’. In: eDiAna. https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary.php?lemma=2458 (Zugriff: 03.04.2022).
Bilgin, T. – Özçiris, M. 2021: Unpublished Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions from Adıyaman Museum. Journal of the American Oriental Society 141, 767–777.
Cammarosano, M. 2018: Hittite Local Cults. (SBL Writings from the Ancient World 40) Atlanta.
Cammarosano, M. 2021: At the Interface of Religion and Administration: The Hittite Cult Inventories. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 68) Wiesbaden.
CHLI I = Hawkins, J. D. 2000: Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions I. Inscriptions of the Iron Age. (Untersuchungen zur indogermanischen Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft NF 8/1) Berlin – New York.
d’Alfonso, L. – Cohen, Y. 2021: Mazi-Karḫuḫa, King of Karkemiš and Hittite Syria at the end of the 13th century. Akkadica 142, 63–77.
Dillo, M. 2013: The Name of the Author of ȘIRZI: A Text Collation. Bibliotheca Orientalis 70, 332–360.
Dinçol, A. – Dinçol, B. – Hawkins, J. D. – Peker, H. 2014: A New Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscription from Hatay. Anatolica 40, 61–70.
Durnford, S. P. B. 2010: How old was the Ankara Silver Bowl when its inscriptions were added? Anatolian Studies 60, 51–70. DOI: 10.1017/S0066154600001010
eDiAna = Hackstein, O. – Miller, J. L. – Rieken, E. (Hg.) (online): Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages. https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/index.php (Zugriff: 03.04.2022).
Giusfredi, F. 2013: Further Considerations on the Ankara Silver Bowl. In: Feliu, Ll. – Llop, J. – Millet Albà, A. – Sanmartín, J. (Hg.): Time and History in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 56th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Barcelona, 26–30 July 2010. Winona Lake, 665–679.
Groddek, D. 2009: Hethitische Texte in Transkription. KUB 2. (Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 38) Wiesbaden.
Haas, V. 1994: Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. (Handbuch der Orientalistik I/15) Leiden.
Hawkins, J. D. 1981: Kubaba at Karkamiš and Elsewhere. Anatolian Studies 31, 147–176.
Hawkins, J. D. 2004: The Stag-God of the Countryside and Related Problems. In: Penney, J. H. W. (Hg.): Indo-European Perspectives. Studies in Honour of Anna Morpurgo Davies. Oxford, 355–369.
Hawkins, J. D. 2005a: A Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscription on a Silver Bowl. Studia Troica 15, 293–304.
Hawkins, J. D. 2005b: Commentaries on the Readings. In: Herbordt 2005, 248–313.
Hawkins, J. D. 2006a: The Inscription. In: Bunnens, G.: A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-God at Til Barsib – Masuwari. Louvain – Paris – Dudley, 11–31.
Hawkins, J. D. 2006b: Tudḫaliya the Hunter. In: van den Hout, Th. P. J. (Hg.): The Life and Times of Ḫattušili III and Tudḫaliya IV. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Honour of J. de Roos, 12-13 December 2003, Leiden. Leiden, 49–76.
Hawkins, J. D. 2010: A Unique Hieroglyphic Luwian Document. In: Cohen, Y. – Gilan, A. – Miller, J. L. (Hg.): Pax Hethitica. Studies on the Hittites and their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 51) Wiesbaden, 183–190.
Hawkins, J. D. 2011: The inscriptions of the Aleppo temple. Anatolian Studies 61, 35–54.
Hawkins, J. D. 2013: Gods of Commagene: The Cult of the Stag-God in the Inscriptions of Ancoz. In: Cancik-Kirschbaum, E. – Klinger, J. – Müller, G. G. W. (Hg.): Diversity and Standardization. Perspectives on social and political norms in the ancient Near East. Berlin, 65–80.
Hawkins, J. D. 2015: Addendum to “Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia” by Ilya Yakubovich. Anatolian Studies 65, 54–55. doi:10.1017/S0066154615000022
Herbordt, S. 2005: Die Prinzen- und Beamtensiegel der hethitischen Großreichszeit auf Tonbullen aus dem Nişantepe-Archiv in Hattusa. (Boğazköy-Ḫattusa: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 19) Mainz am Rhein.
Herbordt S. – Bawanypeck, D. – Hawkins, J. D. 2011: Die Siegel der Großkönige und Großköniginnen auf Tonbullen aus dem Nişantepe-Archiv in Hattusa. (Boğazköy-Ḫattusa: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 23) Darmstadt – Mainz.
Houwink ten Cate, Ph. H. J. 1961: The Luwian population groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic period. Leiden.
Hutter, M. 2003: Aspects of Luwian Religion. In: Melchert, H. C. (Hg.): The Luwians. (Handbuch der Orientalistik I/68) Leiden – Boston, 211–280.
Hutter, M. 2004: Der „Schutzgott der Flur“ in hieroglyphen-luwischen Texten. In: Mazoyer, M. – Casabonne, O. (Hg.): Antiquus Oriens. Mélanges offerts au professeur René Lebrun I. Paris, 381–391.
Hutter, M. 2016: The “Lady” Kubaba (ANCOZ 1 § 2 etc.) in Hieroglyphic Luwian. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 2016, 30–32 (Nr. 18).
Hutter, M. 2021: Religionsgeschichte Anatoliens. Vom Ende des dritten bis zum Beginn des ersten Jahrtausends. (Die Religionen der Menschheit 10/1) Stuttgart.
Hutter, M. – Hutter-Braunsar, S. 2017: König und Gott. Die ikonographische Repräsentation der hethitischen Könige. In: Gießauf, J. (Hg.): Zwischen Karawane und Orientexpress. Streifzüge durch Jahrtausende orientalischer Geschichte und Kultur. Festschrift für Hannes Galter. (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 434) Münster, 155–174.
Hutter-Braunsar, S. 2015: Götterepitheta in hieroglyphenluwischen Inschriften. In: Zinko, Ch. – Zinko, M. (Hg.): “Der antike Mensch im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ritual und Magie”. 1. Grazer Symposium zur indogermanischen Altertumskunde. Graz, 14.–15. November 2013. (Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten am “Zentrum Antike” der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 28) Graz, 207–221.
Laroche, E. 1980–1983: Lamma/Lamassu. C. Anatolien. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 6, 455–459.
Lipiński, E. 2009: Resheph: A Syro-Canaanite Deity. (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 181) Leuven.
McMahon, G. 1991: The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities. (Assyriological Studies 25) Chicago.
Marchetti, N. – Peker, H. 2018: The Stele of Kubaba by Kamani and the Kings of Karkemish in the 9th Century BC. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 108, 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1515/za-2018-0006
Marcus, R. – Gelb, I. J. 1949: The Phoenician Stele Inscription from Cilicia. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 8, 116–120.
Melchert, H. C. 2012: Luvo-Lycian Dorsal Stops Revisited. In: Sukač, R. – Šefčík, O. (Hg.): The Sound of Indo-European 2. Papers on Indo-European Phonetics, Phonemics and Morphophonemics. München, 206–218.
Melchert, H. C. 2019: Iron Age Luvian tarrawann(i)-. In: Avetisyan, P. S. – Dan, R. – Grekyan, Y. H. (Hg.): Over the Mountains and Far Away. Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Oxford, 337–345.
Mosca, P. – Russel, J. 1987: A Phoenician Inscription from Cebel İres Dağı in Rough Cilicia. Epigraphica Anatolica 9, 1–28.
Müller-Karpe, A. 2003: Die Stele von Altınyayla: Ein neues Relief der hethitischen Großreichszeit. In: Özdoğan, M. – Hauptmann, H. – Başgelen, N. (Hg.): From Villages to Towns. Studies Presented to Ufuk Esin. Istanbul, 313–319.
Münnich, M. 2013: The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East. (Orientalische Religionen in der Antike 11) Tübingen.
Novák, M. demnächst: Azatiwada, Awariku from the “House of Mopsos”, and Assyria. On the dating of Karatepe in Cilicia. In: Payne, A. – Velhartická, Š. – Wintjes, J. (Hg.): Beyond all Boundaries. Anatolia in the 1st Millennium B.C. (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis) Leuven – Paris – Bristol, 363–431.
Oreshko, R. 2013: ‘The Achaean Hides, Caged in Yonder Beams’: The Value of Hieroglyphic Luwian Sign *429 Reconsidered and a New Light on the Cilician Ahhiyawa. Kadmos 52, 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1515/kadmos-2013-0002
Oreshko, R. 2015: Once again on the reading of Hieroglyphic Luwian sign *429: the evidence of the newly published ARSUZ inscriptions. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 2015, 123–125 (Nr. 74).
Oreshko, R. 2021: In Search of the Holy Cube Roots: Kubaba–Kubeleya–Κύβεβος–Kufaws and the Problem of Ethnocultural Contact in Early Iron Age Anatolia. In: Bianconi, M. (Hg.): Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia. (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 122) Leiden – Boston, 131–166.
Orthmann, W. 1971: Untersuchungen zur späthethitischen Kunst. (Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 8) Bonn.
Payne, A. 2012: Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. (SBL Writings from the Ancient World 29) Atlanta. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt32bz1w
Payne, A. 32014: Hieroglyphic Luwian: An Introduction with Original Texts. (Subsidia et Instrumenta Linguarum Orientis 2) Wiesbaden.
Poetto, M. 2010: L’iscrizione luvio-geroglifica ANCOZ 5 (A) rivista e completata. Hethitica 16, 131–142.
Popko, M. 1995: Religions of Asia Minor. Warsaw.
Rieken, E. – Yakubovich, I. 2010: The New Values of Luwian Signs L 319 and L 172. In: Singer, I. (Hg.): ipamati kistamati pari tumatimis. Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. (Tel Aviv University Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 28) Tel Aviv, 199–219.
Roller, L. E. 1999: In Search of God the Mother. The Cult of Anatolian Cybele. Berkeley.
Rutherford, I. 2020: Hittite Texts and Greek religion. Contact, Interaction, and Comparison. Oxford.
Simon, Zs. 2009: Die ANKARA-Silberschale und das Ende des hethitischen Reiches. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 99, 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1515/ZA.2009.007
Simon, Zs. 2011: The Identification of Qode. Reconsidering the Evidence. In: Mynářová, J. (Hg.): Egypt and the Near East – the Crossroads. Proceedings of an International Conference on the Relations of Egypt and the Near East in the Bronze Age. Prague, September 1–3, 2010. Prague, 249–269.
Simon, Zs. 2012: Hethitische Felsreliefs als Repräsentation der Macht: Einige ikonographische Bemerkungen. In: Wilhelm, G. (Hg.): Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Würzburg, 20–25 July 2008. Winona Lake, 687–697.
Simon, Zs. 2013: Überlegungen zu Masaurhisas, einem König aus Tabal, und der Herrscherliste von Tuwana. Anatolica 39, 277–296.
Simon, Zs. 2014a: Awarikus und Warikas: Zwei Könige von Hiyawa. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 104, 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1515/za-2014-0005
Simon, Zs. 2014b: Das Fragment einer hieroglyphen-luwischen Inschrift (KÂHTA 1) mit einem Exkurs zur kommagenischen Herrscherliste. In: Winter, E. (Hg.): Kult und Herrschaft am Euphrat. (Asia Minor Studien 73 = Dolichener und Kommagenische Forschungen 6) Bonn, 247–254.
Simon, Zs. 2014c: What was built in the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription of ȘIRZI? Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 2014, 151–152 (Nr. 96).
Simon, Zs. 2017: Kurtis: A Phrygian Name in the Neo-Hittite World. News from the Lands of the Hittites 1, 113–118.
Simon, Zs. 2018: Die Griechen und das Phönizische im späthethitischen Staat Hiyawa: die zyprische Verbindung. In: Mumm, P.-A. (Hg.): Sprachen, Völker und Phantome. Sprach- und kulturwissenschaftliche Studien zur Ethnizität. (Münchner Vorlesungen zu Antiken Welten 3) Berlin – Boston, 313–338.
Simon, Zs. 2019: Bemerkungen zu der neuen sidetischen Inschrift aus Lyrbe. Wékwos. Revue d’études indoeuropéennes 5, 383–390.
Simon, Zs. 2020: The Formation of the Neo-Hittite States in Karkemish, in its Successor States and in the Breakaway Territories: An Overview of Political History. In: Sollee, A. E. (Hg.): Formation, Organisation and Development of Iron Age Societies: A Comparative View. Proceedings of the Workshop held at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016. (Oriental and European Archaeology 15) Wien, 151–171.
Taracha, P. 2009: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. (Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 27) Wiesbaden.
Vertegaal, A. 2017: Filling in the Facts. The Practice of Space-Filling in Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Altorientalische Forschungen 44, 235–260.
Yakubovich, I. 2010: Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. (Brill’s Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics 2) Leiden – Boston.
Yakubovich, I. 2013: Anatolian Names in –wiya and the Structure of Empire Luwian Onomastics. In: Mouton, A. – Rutherford, I. – Yakubovich, I. (Hg.): Luwian Identities. Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean. (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 64) Leiden – Boston, 87–123.
Yakubovich, I. 2015a: Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia. Anatolian Studies 65, 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0066154615000010
Yakubovich, I. 2015b: Adanawa or Ahhiyawa? Reply to the addendum by J.D. Hawkins. Anatolian Studies 65, 56–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0066154615000034
Zgusta, L. 1984: Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen. Heidelberg.
Zinko, M. 2018–2019: Das hethitische Königtum. Sprachliche Darstellung in IBoT 1, 30 Vs. 1-8 (CTH 821 »Das Königtum und göttliches Recht«). Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 72, 265–291.